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\ub4b7\ubc1b\uce68\ud558\ub294 \uadfc\uac70\ub85c \uc81c\uc2dc\ub418\uc5b4\uc654\ub2e4. \ub2e4\ub978 \ud55c\ud3b8\uc73c\ub85c \uc218\ub9ce\uc740 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \uc9c0\ub09c 20\ub144\uac04 \ud55c\uad6d, \ub300\ub9cc, \uc2a4\ud398\uc778, \ube0c\ub77c\uc9c8, \uc544\ub974\ud5e8\ud2f0\ub098, \ub7ec\uc2dc\uc544\uc5d0\uc11c \uc815\ub2f9\uc758 \uc870\uc9c1, \uc774\ub150, \uc815\ucc45, \uc7ac\uc815 \ub4f1\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ubd84\uc11d\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574\uc11c \uc2e0\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758 \uad6d\uac00\uc5d0\uc11c \uc815\ub2f9 \uc5ed\ud560\uc758 \uc131\uc7a5\uacfc \ubc1c\uc804\uc758 \uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uacfc \ud55c\uacc4\ub97c \ub17c\uc758\ud574\uc654\ub2e4. \uc815\ub2f9\uc870\uc9c1\uc758 \uc81c\ub3c4\ud654, \uc720\uad8c\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \ud22c\ud45c\ud589\ud0dc\uc758 \uc548\uc815\ud654\uc640 \uc815\ub2f9\uc77c\uccb4\uac10\uc758 \ud615\uc131, \uc815\ub2f9\ub4e4\uc758 \uc774\ub150\uc801 \uc815\uccb4\uc131 \ud615\uc131, \uc815\ub2f9\uacfc \uc815\ubd80\uc758 \uc815\ucc45\uc801\uc778 \uc5f0\uacc4 \ub4f1\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uac80\ud1a0\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574\uc11c \uc5f0\uad6c\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uc2e0\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758\uc758 \ub9e5\ub77d\uc5d0\uc11c \uc815\ub2f9\ubc1c\uc804\uc758 \uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc744 \uac00\ub2a0\ud574 \uc628 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<br \/>\n\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc815\ub2f9\uc758 \uc704\uae30\uc640 \uc815\ub2f9\uc758 \ubc1c\uc804\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ub300\uc870\uc801\uc778 \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \uc804\ud600 \ub2e4\ub978 \ub9e5\ub77d\uc5d0\uc11c \uc5f0\uad6c\ud574\uc628 \uc815\ub2f9\uc5f0\uad6c\ub294 \ub180\ub78d\uac8c\ub3c4 \uc2e0\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758\uc640 \uad6c\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758\uc758 \uc815\ub2f9\uc815\uce58\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0c1\ub2f9\ud55c \uc218\uc900\uc758 \uc218\ub834\uc774 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub098\uace0 \uc788\uc74c\uc744 \ubc1c\uacac\ud574\uc654\ub2e4\uace0 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc218\ub834\uc740 \ud06c\uac8c \ub450 \ucc28\uc6d0\uc5d0\uc11c \ub450\ub4dc\ub7ec\uc9c4\ub2e4, \uccab\uc9f8, \uae30\uc131\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uacfc \uc2e0\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc5d0\uc11c \uacf5\ud1b5\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc815\ub2f9\ub4e4\uc740 \uc810\ucc28 \uc120\uac70\uc804\ubb38\uac00 \uc815\ub2f9(electoral-professional party)\uc73c\ub85c \uc9c4\ud654\ud574\uac00\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc815\ub2f9\uc758 \uc870\uc9c1, \uc815\ub2f9\uacfc \uc815\ubd80\uc758 \uc5f0\uacc4, \uc815\ub2f9\uacfc \uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \uc5f0\uacc4\ub77c\ub294 \ud575\uc2ec\uc801\uc778 \uc138 \ucc28\uc6d0\uc5d0\uc11c \uc815\ub2f9\uc758 \uc5ed\ud560\uacfc \uae30\ub2a5\uc740 \ub2e4\ub978 \ubb34\uc5c7\ubcf4\ub2e4\ub3c4 \uc120\uac70\ucea0\ud398\uc778\uc744 \uc911\uc2ec\uc73c\ub85c \uc7ac\uad6c\uc131\ub418\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ub458\uc9f8, \ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc758 \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758 \uad6d\uac00\uc5d0\uc11c \uc815\ub2f9\ub4e4\uc740 \uc774\ub978\ubc14 \ub300\uc548\uc870\uc9c1\ub4e4, \uc2dc\ubbfc\ub2e8\uccb4, \uc2dc\ubbfc\uc6b4\ub3d9, \uc774\uc775\uc9d1\ub2e8\ub4e4, \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ud615\ud0dc\uc758 \uc815\ub2f9\ub4e4\uacfc \uae30\uc874\uc758 \uc5ed\ud560\uc744 \ub098\ub204\uc5b4 \uac16\uac70\ub098 \uacbd\uc7c1\ud558\ub294 \uacf5\uc874\uc758 \uc2dc\ub300\ub85c \uc811\uc5b4\ub4e4\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uc810\uc774\ub2e4.<br \/>\n\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc218\ub834\ud604\uc0c1\uc774 \uacfc\ub3c4\ud558\uac8c \uac15\uc870\ub420 \uc218\ub294 \uc5c6\ub2e4. \uc815\ub2f9\uc815\uce58\uc758 \uc804\uc138\uacc4\uc801\uc778 \uc218\ub834\ud604\uc0c1\uc740 30\uc5ec \ub144\uc804\uc5d0 \ud5cc\ud305\ud134\uc774 \uc81c\uae30\ud588\ub358 \uc2e0\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc758 \uc815\ub2f9\uc758 \uc9c4\ud654\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uba85\uc81c\ub97c \ub2e4\uc2dc \ud55c\ubc88 \uc870\uba85\ud558\ub3c4\ub85d \uc694\uccad\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4 (Huntington 1967). \ud5cc\ud305\ud134\uc740 \uadfc\ub300\ud654\ub860\uc774 \ud33d\ubc30\ud558\ub358 1960\ub144\ub300 \ud6c4\ubc18\uc5d0 \ube44\uc11c\uad6c \uc138\uacc4\uc758 \uc2e0\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc758 \uc815\ub2f9\uc774 \uc11c\uad6c\uc758 \uae30\uc131\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc758 \uc815\ub2f9\uc744 \ub2ee\uc544\uac08 \uac83\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ub2f9\uc2dc\uc758 \ub099\uad00\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uc21c\uc9c4\ud55c \uc9c4\ud654\ub860\uc744 \ud1b5\ub82c\ud558\uac8c \ube44\ud310\ud55c \ubc14 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub807\ub2e4\uba74 \uc815\ub2f9\uc5ed\ud560\uc758 \uc804\uc138\uacc4\uc801\uc778 \uc218\ub834 \uc18d\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2e0\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc758 \uace0\uc720\ud55c \ud2b9\uc131\uacfc \ubc1c\uc804\uacbd\ub85c\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \uc774\uc81c \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc774\ud574\ud574\uc57c \ud558\ub294\uac00? \uc5ec\uae30\uc11c \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uc2e0-\uad6c \uc815\ub2f9\uc815\uce58\uc758 \ud65c\ub3d9\uacfc \uc874\uc7ac \ubc29\uc2dd\uc758 \uc218\ub834\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubd88\uad6c\ud558\uace0, \uc2e0-\uad6c \uc815\ub2f9\ub4e4\uc740 \uac01\uac01 \ub2e4\ub978 \uacbd\ub85c\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574\uc11c \uc218\ub834\uc5d0 \ub3c4\ub2ec\ud588\ub2e4\ub294 \uc810\uc5d0 \uc8fc\ubaa9\ud560 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<br \/>\n\uc774\uc81c\ubd80\ud130 \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uc9c0\ub09c 30\ub144\uac04\uc758 \uc815\ub2f9\uc5f0\uad6c\uc758 \ub300\uc0c1\uacfc \ubc29\ubc95\uc744 \uc2e0-\uad6c \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758\uc5d0\uc11c \uc815\ub2f9\uc815\uce58\uc758 \uc218\ub834\ud604\uc0c1\uc744 \uc911\uc2ec\uc73c\ub85c \uac80\ud1a0\ud558\uace0\uc790 \ud55c\ub2e4. \uc774\ub54c \uc815\ub2f9\uc815\uce58\uc758 \uc218\ub834\ud604\uc0c1\uc740 \uc815\ub2f9\uc5f0\uad6c\uc758 \uace0\uc804\uc801\uc778 \uc138 \uc601\uc5ed&#8211;\uc870\uc9c1, \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uae30\ubc18, \uc815\ubd80\uc640\uc758 \uc5f0\uacc4&#8211;\uc744 \uc911\uc2ec\uc73c\ub85c \uac80\ud1a0\ub420 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uac80\ud1a0\ub294 \uacf5\uac04\uc801\uc73c\ub85c\ub294 \uc11c\uc720\ub7fd\uc758 \uc120\uc9c4\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758\uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uacfc \ub0a8-\ub3d9\uc720\ub7fd, \uc544\uc2dc\uc544, \ub0a8\ubbf8\uc5d0 \ud769\uc5b4\uc838 \uc788\ub294 \uc2e0\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc758 \uc815\ub2f9\uc815\uce58\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc5f0\uad6c\ub97c \ud3ec\ud568\ud558\uac8c \ub420 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ub05d\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc815\ub2f9\uc815\uce58\uc758 \ub450 \uac00\uc9c0\uc758 \uc218\ub834\ud604\uc0c1\uc774 \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758\uc758 \uc131\uaca9\uacfc \ubbf8\ub798\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c \uac16\ub294 \uc758\ubbf8\ub97c \ub17c\uc758\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \uc774 \uae00\uc758 \uacb0\ub860\uc744 \uc0bc\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>2. \uae30\uc131\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\ub2f9\uc815\uce58: \uc704\uae30\uc640 \uc7ac\uc870\uc815<\/p>\n<p>(1) \ub300\uc911\uc815\ub2f9\uc5d0\uc11c \uc120\uac70\uc804\ubb38\uac00 \uc815\ub2f9\uc73c\ub85c<\/p>\n<p>1970\ub144\ub300\uc5d0 \uc120\uc9c4\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758\uc758 \uc704\uae30\uac00 \ud3ed\ub113\uac8c \ub17c\uc758\ub418\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud558\uba74\uc11c, \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758\uc758 \uae30\uad00\ucc28\ub77c\ub294 \uc815\ub2f9\uc815\uce58\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc5f0\uad6c \uc5ed\uc2dc \uc704\uae30\ub77c\ub294 \ud654\ub450\uac00 \uc9c0\ubc30\ud558\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub2f9\uc2dc \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758\uc758 \uc704\uae30\uac00 1930\ub144\ub300 \uc774\ub798\ub85c \uc11c\uc720\ub7fd \uc815\uce58\ub97c \ud2b9\uc9d5\uc9c0\uc5b4\uc628 \ucf00\uc778\uc988\uc801 \ud0c0\ud611\uccb4\uc81c\uc758 \uc640\ud574\uc5d0\uc11c \ube44\ub86f\ub41c \ubc14\uc640 \uac19\uc774, \uc815\ub2f9\uc815\uce58\uc758 \uc704\uae30 \uc5ed\uc2dc \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc801 \uccb4\uc81c\uc758 \ubd95\uad34\ub77c\ub294 \uad00\uc810\uc5d0\uc11c \ub17c\uc758\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uad6c\uccb4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub9d0\ud558\uc790\uba74, \ub9bd\uc14b\uacfc \ub85c\uce78\uc758 \uc720\uba85\ud55c \uacb0\ube59\uba85\uc81c\uac00 \uc81c\uc2dc\ud588\ub358 \ubc14\uc640 \uac19\uc774 (Lipset and Rokkan 1967), \uc120\uc9c4\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758\uc758 \uc815\ub2f9\ub4e4\uc740 1930\ub144\ub300\ubd80\ud130 \uc88c\ud30c\uc640 \uc6b0\ud30c\uac00 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc801\uc778 \uacc4\uae09\ud0c0\ud611\uc744 \ud615\uc131\ud558\uace0 \uc720\uc9c0\ud558\ub294 \ub370\uc5d0 \ud575\uc2ec\uc801\uc778 \uc5ed\ud560\uc744 \ud574\uc654\ub2e4\uace0 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc774\ub978\ubc14 \ub300\uc911\uc815\ub2f9(mass party)\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc591\uc2dd\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574\uc11c \uc815\ub2f9\uc815\uce58\ub294 \uacc4\uae09\ud0c0\ud611\uacfc \uc815\uce58\uc801 \uc548\uc815\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec \uace0\ub9ac \uc5ed\ud560\uc744 \ud574\uc654\ub2e4. \uc88c\ud30c\uc640 \uc6b0\ud30c \uc815\ub2f9\ub4e4\uc740 \uc2dc\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \ud558\ub098\uc758 \uc77c\uad00\ub41c \uc774\ub370\uc62c\ub85c\uae30\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574\uc11c \uc815\uce58\uc801 \uc138\uacc4\uad00\uacfc \ud310\ub2e8\uae30\uc900\uc744 \uc81c\uacf5\ud588\uace0 \uc2dc\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc740 \uc815\uce58\uc801 \ucda9\uc131\uc2ec\uacfc \uc18c\uc18d\uac10, \uc77c\uccb4\uac10\uc758 \ub300\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c \uc815\ub2f9\uc744 \ud30c\uc545\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc815\ub2f9\uc77c\uccb4\uac10\uc744 \uc9c0\ub2cc \uc9c0\uc9c0\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \ucda9\uc131\uc2a4\ub7fd\uac8c \uc548\uc815\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc790\uc2e0\uc758 \uacc4\uae09\uc815\ub2f9\uc5d0 \ud22c\ud45c\ud558\uace0 \ub098\uc544\uac00 \uc815\ub2f9\uc6d0\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c \uc815\ub2f9\uc758 \uc5ec\ub7ec \uac00\uc9c0 \ud65c\ub3d9\uc5d0 \ucc38\uc5ec\ud574\uc654\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc2dc\ubbfc\uacfc \uacc4\uae09\ub300\uc911\uc815\ub2f9\uc758 \uc5f0\uacc4\ub97c \uc720\uc9c0\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574\uc11c \ubc29\ub300\ud558\uace0 \uc704\uacc4\uc801\uc778 \uc870\uc9c1\uc774 \uad6c\ucd95\ub418\uace0 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc870\uc9c1\uc740 \uac70\ub300\ud55c \uaddc\ubaa8\uc758 \ub2f9\ube44\uc640 \ub2f9\uc6d0\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574\uc11c \uc720\uc9c0\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c \uacc4\uae09\uc815\ub2f9\uc758 \uc774\ub150\uc740 \uc815\ubd80\uc758 \uc815\ucc45\uc744 \uae34\ubc00\ud558\uac8c \ud1b5\uc81c\ud568\uc73c\ub85c\uc368, \uc2dc\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc758 \uc774\uc775, \uc815\ub2f9\uc758 \uc774\ub150\uacfc \uacf5\uc57d, \uc815\ubd80\uc758 \uc815\ucc45\uc740 \ud558\ub098\uc758 \uc720\uae30\uc801\uc778 \uc5f0\uacc4 \uad6c\uc870\ub97c \ud615\uc131\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4 (Neumann 1956).<br \/>\n\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uacc4\uae09\ub300\uc911\uc815\ub2f9\uc740 1960\ub144\ub300 \ub9d0\ubd80\ud130 \ud53c\ub85c\ud604\uc0c1\uc744 \ubcf4\uc774\uba70 \ud754\ub4e4\ub9ac\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\uace0, \uc774\ub294 \uace7 \ucf00\uc778\uc988 \ud0c0\ud611\uccb4\uc81c\uc758 \ubd95\uad34\ub97c \uc54c\ub9ac\ub294 \uac83\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub300\uc911\uc815\ub2f9\uc758 \uc704\uae30\ub294 \uc8fc\ub85c \uc2dc\ubbfc\uacfc\uc758 \uc5f0\uacc4\uc758 \uc57d\ud654, \uc815\ub2f9\uc870\uc9c1\uc758 \uc1e0\ud1f4\ub77c\ub294 \ub450 \uce21\uba74\uc5d0\uc11c \ub450\ub4dc\ub7ec\uc84c\ub2e4. \uc6b0\uc120 \uc2dc\ubbfc\uacfc\uc758 \uc5f0\uacc4(party in electorate)\uc758 \uc57d\ud654\ub294 \ub300\uc911\uc815\ub2f9 \uc704\uae30\uc758 \uac00\uc7a5 \ud575\uc2ec\uc801\uc778 \uc591\uc0c1\uc744 \uad6c\uc131\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc2dc\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uc815\uce58\uc801 \uc138\uacc4\uad00\uc744 \uc81c\uacf5\ud558\uace0 \uadf8\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc815\uce58\uc801 \ud310\ub2e8\uacfc \ud589\ub3d9\uc758 \uc900\uac70\ub97c \uc81c\uacf5\ud558\ub294 \ud575\uc2ec \uc5f0\uacc4\uad6c\uc870\ub85c\uc11c\uc758 \uc815\ub2f9\uc758 \uc704\uc0c1\uc740 \ud06c\uac8c \ud754\ub4e4\ub9ac\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc704\uae30\ub294 \uba87 \uac00\uc9c0\uc758 \uacbd\ud5d8\uc801\uc778 \uad00\ucc30\uc744 \uc911\uc2ec\uc73c\ub85c \ud3ec\ucc29\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc77c\uad70\uc758 \uc5f0\uad6c\ub4e4\uc740 \uc2dc\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc774 \uc815\ub2f9\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c \uac16\ub294 \uc815\ub2f9\uc77c\uccb4\uac10\uc774 \ube60\ub974\uac8c \ud558\ub77d\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc74c\uc744 \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \uadfc\uac70\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574\uc11c \uc81c\uc2dc\ud55c \ubc14 \uc788\ub2e4 (Crewe and Denver 1985; Dalton et al. 1984). \uc774\ub4e4\uc774 \uc8fc\ubaa9\ud55c \uc815\ub2f9\uc77c\uccb4\uac10 \uc1e0\ud1f4\uc758 \uc591\uc0c1\uc740 \uac15\ud55c \uc815\ub2f9\uc77c\uccb4\uac10 \ubcf4\uc720\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \uae09\uaca9\ud55c \uac10\uc18c, \uc815\ub2f9\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c \uc77c\uccb4\uac10\uacfc \ucda9\uc131\uc2ec\uc744 \uac16\uace0 \uc788\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \ubb34\ub2f9\ud30c\uce35(independents)\uc758 \ube60\ub978 \uc99d\uac00 \ub4f1\uc744 \ud3ec\ud568\ud55c\ub2e4.<br \/>\n\uc815\ub2f9\uacfc \uc2dc\ubbfc \uc0ac\uc774\uc758 \uc2ec\ub9ac\uc801 \uc77c\uccb4\uac10\uc758 \uc1e0\ud1f4\ub294 \uc815\ub2f9\uacfc \uc120\uac70\uc815\uce58\ub97c \uae30\uc874\uc758 \uace0\uc815\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uc548\uc815\ub41c \uad6c\uc870\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \ubd88\uc548\uc815\ud558\uace0 \uc720\ub3d9\uc801\uc778 \uc2dc\uc7a5\uc73c\ub85c \uc804\ud658\ud558\ub294 \uacb0\uacfc\ub97c \uac00\uc838\uc624\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc804\ud658\uc740 \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \uc591\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\ud0c0\ub0ac\ub294\ub370, \uc120\uac70 \ub54c\ub9c8\ub2e4 \uc9c0\uc9c0\uc815\ub2f9\uc744 \ubc14\uafb8\ub294 \ud22c\ud45c\uc720\ub3d9\uc131(electoral volatility)\uc758 \uc99d\ub300 (Pedersen 1979; Rose and Urwin 1969), \uc8fc\uc694 \uc815\ub2f9\ub4e4\uc758 \ub4dd\ud45c\uc728\uc758 \uc804\ubc18\uc801\uc778 \ud558\ub77d, \uc720\uad8c\uc790\ub4e4\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uc9c0\uc9c0\ub97c \uc5bb\ub294 \uc758\ubbf8 \uc788\ub294 \uc815\ub2f9\uc758 \uc22b\uc790\uc758 \uc99d\uac00\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978 \uc815\ub2f9\uccb4\uc81c\uc758 \ud30c\ud3b8\ud654\uc758 \uc2ec\ud654, \ubd84\ub9ac\ud22c\ud45c\uc758 \uc99d\uac00\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \ud604\uc0c1\ub4e4\uc774 \ub300\ub450\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc608\ucee8\ub300 \uc548\uc815\uc801\uc778 \uc815\ub2f9\uc77c\uccb4\uac10\uc774 \uac00\uc7a5 \uac15\ub825\ud558\uac8c \ubfcc\ub9ac\ub0b4\ub9b0 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ud3c9\uac00\ubc1b\ub358 \uc601\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c, \uc790\uc2e0\uc758 \uc815\ub2f9\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c \uac15\ud55c \uc77c\uccb4\uac10(strong identification)\uc744 \uc9c0\ub2cc \uc720\uad8c\uc790\uc758 \ube44\uc728\uc740 1960\ub144\ub300\uc758 40%\uc5d0\uc11c 1979\ub144\uc5d0 10%\ub85c \ucd94\ub77d\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c 1940\ub144\ub300\uc5d0 4% \ub300\uc5d0 \ubd88\uacfc\ud558\ub358 \uc601\uad6d, \uc2a4\uc6e8\ub374, \ub178\ub974\uc6e8\uc774 \ub4f1\uc758 \ud22c\ud45c\uc720\ub3d9\uc131\uc740 1970\ub144\ub300\uc5d0 9-15% \uc120\uc73c\ub85c\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc99d\uac00\ud558\uc600\ub2e4 (Pedersen 1989, 202).<br \/>\n\ub300\uc911 \uc815\ub2f9 \uc704\uae30\uc758 \ub610 \ub2e4\ub978 \uce21\uba74\uc740 \ub300\uc911\uc815\ub2f9\uc744 \uc9c0\ud0f1\ud558\ub294 \uadfc\uac04\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c\uc758 \uc815\ub2f9\uc870\uc9c1\uc758 \uae09\uaca9\ud55c \uc1e0\ud1f4\uc600\ub2e4. \uc815\ub2f9\uacfc \uc2dc\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc758 \uc5f0\uacc4\ub294 \uc2ec\ub9ac\uc801 \uc77c\uccb4\uac10\ubfd0\ub9cc \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uad11\ubc94\ud558\uace0 \uc704\uacc4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc870\uc9c1\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub294 \uc870\uc9c1\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574\uc11c \uc720\uc9c0\ub418\uc5b4\uc654\ub294\ub370, \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc870\uc9c1\uc740 1960\ub144\ub300 \ud6c4\ubc18\ubd80\ud130 \ud06c\uac8c \ud754\ub4e4\ub9ac\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub300\uc911 \uc815\ub2f9\uc870\uc9c1\uc758 \ud6c4\ud1f4\ub294 \uc8fc\ub85c \uc815\ub2f9\uc6d0\uc758 \uae09\uaca9\ud55c \uac10\uc18c, \ub2f9\ube44\uc758 \uac10\uc18c\ub77c\ub294 \uce21\uba74\ub4e4\uc744 \uc911\uc2ec\uc73c\ub85c \ubd84\uc11d\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc778\uad6c\uc758 \uc644\ub9cc\ud55c \uc99d\uac00\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubd88\uad6c\ud558\uace0 \uc8fc\uc694 \uc815\ub2f9\ub4e4\uc5d0 \ucc38\uc5ec\ud558\ub294 \ub2f9\uc6d0\uc758 \ucd1d\uc218\ub294 \uc9c0\ub09c 30\ub144\uac04 \ub208\uc5d0 \ub744\uac8c \uac10\uc18c\ud574\uc654\uc73c\uba70, \uc720\uad8c\uc790 \ub300\ube44 \ub2f9\uc6d0\uc758 \ube44\uc728\uc740 \uac70\uc758 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uae30\uc131\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc5d0\uc11c \ud604\uc800\ud558\uac8c \uc904\uc5b4\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub2e4 (Scarrow 2003, 88-90). \uc774\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc815\ub2f9\ub4e4\uc774 \uc120\uac70\uc5d0\uc11c \uc5bb\ub294 \uc9c0\uc9c0\ud45c \uac00\uc6b4\ub370 \ucda9\uc131\uc2a4\ub7f0 \ub2f9\uc6d0\ub4e4\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \ub098\uc624\ub294 \uc774\ub978\ubc14 \uace0\uc815\ud45c\uc758 \ube44\uc728\ub3c4 \ub208\uc5d0 \ub744\uac8c \uc904\uc5b4\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc544\uc6b8\ub7ec \ub2f9\uc6d0\uc758 \uac10\uc18c\uc640 \ub354\ubd88\uc5b4 \ub2f9\uc5f0\ud788 \uc815\ub2f9\uc758 \uc7ac\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c \ucc28\uc9c0\ud558\ub294 \ub2f9\ube44\uc758 \ube44\uc728\ub3c4 \uac70\uc758 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc8fc\uc694\uc815\ub2f9\ub4e4\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c \ud604\uaca9\ud558\uac8c \uc904\uc5b4\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub2e4.<br \/>\n\ub300\uc911\uc815\ub2f9\uc758 \uc2ec\ub9ac\uc801 \uae30\ubc18\uacfc \uc870\uc9c1\uc801 \uae30\ubc18\uc774 \ud06c\uac8c \uc704\ucd95\ub418\uba74\uc11c, \uc815\ub2f9-\uc120\uac70 \uc815\uce58\uc758 \uad6c\uc870\ub294 \ub2eb\ud78c \uc815\ub2f9\uad6c\uc870\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uc5f4\ub9b0 \uc120\uac70\uc2dc\uc7a5\uc73c\ub85c \uc804\ud658\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc804\ud658\uc740 1970\ub144\ub300\ubd80\ud130 \uce58\uc5f4\ud55c \uacbd\ud5d8\uc801, \uc774\ub860\uc801 \ub17c\uc7c1\uc744 \ubd88\ub7ec\uc77c\uc73c\ucf30\ub2e4. \uc6b0\uc120 \uc815\ub2f9\uc77c\uccb4\uac10\uc758 \ud558\ub77d, \ud22c\ud45c\uc720\ub3d9\uc131\uc758 \uc99d\ub300\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \ubcc0\ud654\uc758 \uadfc\uac70\ub4e4\uc774 \uacfc\uc7a5\ub418\uac70\ub098 \ud639\uc740 \ubbf8\uc2dc\uc801\uc73c\ub85c\ub9cc \ud574\uc11d\ub418\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \ube44\ud310\uc774 \uc81c\uae30\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ube44\ud310\uc758 \uc120\ubd09\uc5d0 \uc120 \uba54\uc774\uc5b4\uc5d0 \uc758\ud558\uba74, \uc720\uad8c\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \uac1c\ubcc4 \uc815\ub2f9\ub4e4 \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0\uc11c \uc9c0\uc9c0\ub97c \ubc14\uafb8\ub294 \ud22c\ud45c\uc720\ub3d9\uc131\uc740 \uc99d\uac00\ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc \ud22c\ud45c\uc720\ub3d9\uc758 \ubc94\uc8fc\ub97c \uc88c\ud30c\uc640 \uc6b0\ud30c\ub85c \ud655\ub300\ud574\uc11c \ubcf4\uba74 \ud22c\ud45c\uc720\ub3d9\uc131\uc740 \uadf8\ub2e4\uc9c0 \ub298\uc5b4\ub098\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ub2e4\uc2dc \ub9d0\ud574 \uc120\uac70 \ub54c\ub9c8\ub2e4 \uc9c0\uc9c0\ub97c \ubc14\uafb8\ub294 \ubd80\uc720\ud558\ub294 \ud22c\ud45c\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \ub298\uc5b4\ub098\uae30\ub294 \ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc774\ub4e4\uc758 \uc9c0\uc9c0\ubcc0\ud654\uac00 \uc88c\ud30c\uc5d0\uc11c \uc6b0\ud30c\ub85c \ud639\uc740 \uc6b0\ud30c\uc5d0\uc11c \uc88c\ud30c\ub85c \uc774\ub150\uc758 \uacbd\uacc4\ub97c \ub118\ub098\ub4dc\ub294 \uc77c\uc740 \uac70\uc758 \ubc8c\uc5b4\uc9c0\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4 (Mair 1989, 176).<br \/>\n\ub610\ud55c \uc5f4\ub9b0 \uc120\uac70\uc2dc\uc7a5\uc73c\ub85c\uc758 \uc804\ud658\uc740 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ubcc0\ub3d9\uc758 \uc6d0\ucc9c\uc744 \uaddc\uba85\ud558\ub824\ub294 \ub17c\uc7c1\uc744 \ubd88\ub7ec\uc77c\uc73c\ucf30\ub2e4. \ud55c\ud3b8\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc120\uc9c4\uc790\ubcf8\uc8fc\uc758 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc758 \uacc4\uae09\uad6c\uc870\uc758 \ubd84\ud654, \uc804\ubc18\uc801\uc778 \uc0dd\ud65c\uc218\uc900\uc758 \ud5a5\uc0c1\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \uc0ac\ud68c\uad6c\uc870\uc801\uc778 \ubcc0\ub3d9\uc758 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \uac15\uc870\ud558\ub294\uac00 \ud558\uba74, \ub2e4\ub978 \ud55c\ud3b8\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 TV\ub97c \ud3ec\ud568\ud55c \ub9e4\uc2a4\ubbf8\ub514\uc5b4\uc758 \ubcf4\uae09\uc758 \ud655\ub300\uc640 \uad50\uc721\uc218\uc900\uc758 \ud5a5\uc0c1\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978 \uc2dc\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uc815\ubcf4\uc758 \uc2b5\ub4dd\uacfc \uc778\uc9c0\uad6c\uc870\uc758 \ubcc0\ub3d9\uc5d0 \uc8fc\ubaa9\ud558\uae30\ub3c4 \ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ub610 \ud55c\ud3b8\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc774\ub978\ubc14 \ud0c8\ubb3c\uc9c8\uc8fc\uc758 \uac00\uce58\uad00\uc758 \ub4f1\uc7a5\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc2ec\ub9ac\uc801 \ubcc0\ud654\uc640 \ub354\ubd88\uc5b4 \uc0ac\ud68c\uacc4\uae09 \uc911\uc2ec\uc758 \uc774\ub150\uc758 \uc601\ud5a5\ub825\uc774 \ud754\ub4e4\ub9ac\ub294 \ud604\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \ub300\uc911\uc815\ub2f9 \uc704\uae30\uc758 \uadfc\uc6d0\uc744 \uad6c\uba85\ud558\ub294 \uc2dc\ub3c4\ub97c \ud558\uae30\ub3c4 \ud558\uc600\ub2e4 (Dalton and Kuechler 1990; Inglehart 1977). \ubb3c\ub860 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ub17c\uc7c1\uc774 \ub69c\ub837\ud55c \uacb0\ub860\uc744 \ub0b4\ub9ac\uc9c0\ub294 \ubabb\ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc \uadf8\ub807\ub2e4\uace0 \ud574\uc11c \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ub17c\uc7c1\uc774 \uc804\ud600 \ubb34\uc775\ud55c \ub17c\uc7c1\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0 \ud560 \uc218\ub294 \uc5c6\ub2e4. \uc774 \ub17c\uc7c1\uc740 \ub300\uc911\uc815\ub2f9\uc758 \uc1e0\ud1f4\uc640 \uc5f4\ub9b0 \uc120\uac70-\uc815\ub2f9\uc815\uce58\ub85c\uc758 \uc804\ud658\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ubcc0\ub3d9\uc774 \ud558\ub098\uc758 \ub2e8\uc77c\ud55c \uae30\uc220\uc801, \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801, \uc815\uce58\uc801 \uc694\uc778\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \uac83\uc774\ub77c\uae30\ubcf4\ub2e4\ub294 \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \uc694\uc778\ub4e4\uc774 \uc911\uce35\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uacb0\ud569\ub418\uc5b4 \ube5a\uc5b4\ub0b4\ub294 \ub2e4\uba74\uc801\uc778 \ubcc0\ud654\ub77c\ub294 \uc778\uc2dd\uc744 \uac00\uc838\uc624\ub294 \ub370\uc5d0 \uc801\uc9c0 \uc54a\uac8c \uae30\uc5ec\ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<br \/>\n1970\ub144\ub300\uc640 1980\ub144\ub300\uc5d0 \uac78\uccd0\uc11c \uc8fc\ub85c \ub300\uc911\uc815\ub2f9\uc758 \uc704\uae30\ub97c \ub458\ub7ec\uc2fc \ub17c\uc7c1\uc5d0 \uc5f4\uc911\ud558\ub358 \uc815\ub2f9\uc5f0\uad6c\ub294 1990\ub144\ub300\uc5d0 \ub4e4\uc5b4\uc11c\uba74\uc11c \uc11c\uc11c\ud788 \u2018\ub300\uc911\uc815\ub2f9 \uc774\ud6c4\uc758 \uc815\ub2f9\uc815\uce58\u2019\uc5d0 \ucd08\uc810\uc744 \ub9de\ucd94\uac8c \ub41c\ub2e4. \uc989 \ub300\uc911\uc815\ub2f9\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc801\uc778 \ud55c \ud615\ud0dc\uc758 \uc815\ub2f9\uc758 \uc1e0\ud1f4\ub97c \ubc1b\uc544\ub4e4\uc774\uac8c \ub418\uba74\uc11c, \uc774\ub97c \ub300\uccb4\ud558\ub294 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc815\ub2f9\uc758 \uc5ed\ud560\uc744 \uac1c\ub150\ud654\ud558\uace0 \uadf8 \uae30\ub2a5\uacfc \uc704\uc0c1\uc744 \ubd84\uc11d\ud558\ub824\ub294 \uc2dc\ub3c4\ub4e4\uc774 \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \uc2dc\uac01\uc5d0\uc11c \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc9c0\uac8c \ub41c\ub2e4. \ube44\uad50\uc801 \uc77c\ucc0d\uc774 \uc81c\uae30\ub41c \ud0a4\ub974\ud788\ud558\uc774\uba38\uc758 \ub9dd\ub77c\ud615\uc815\ub2f9\ub860(catch-all party)\uc5d0\uc11c\ubd80\ud130 \ud30c\ub124\ube44\uc559\ucf54\uc758 \uc120\uac70\uc804\ubb38\uac00 \uc815\ub2f9\ub860(electoral-professional party), \uce90\uce20\uc640 \uba54\uc774\uc5b4\uc758 \uce74\ub974\ud154 \uc815\ub2f9\ub860(cartel party), \uc11c\uc720\ub7fd \uc815\ub2f9\uc758 \ubbf8\uad6d\ud654\ub860(Americanization of political parties)\uc740 \ud55c\uacb0\uac19\uc774 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc2dc\ub3c4\ub4e4\uc758 \uc0ac\ub840\ub77c\uace0 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc5ec\uae30\uc11c \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \ubb34\uc5c7\ubcf4\ub2e4\ub3c4 \ud30c\ub124\ube44\uc559\ucf54\uc758 \uc120\uac70\uc804\ubb38\uac00 \uc815\ub2f9\ub860\uc774 \ub300\uc911\uc815\ub2f9 \uc774\ud6c4\uc758 \uc815\ub2f9\uc815\uce58\uc758 \uad6c\uc870\uc640 \uc5ed\ud560, \uc704\uc0c1\uc744 \uac00\uc7a5 \uccb4\uacc4\uc801\uc774\uace0 \ud3ec\uad04\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ud30c\uc545\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \ubcf8\ub2e4.<br \/>\n\ud30c\ub124\ube44\uc559\ucf54\uc758 \uac1c\ub150\uc744 \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc815\ub2f9\uc815\uce58\uc758 \ubcc0\ub3d9\uacfc \uad00\ub828\ub41c \uc5f0\uad6c\uc758 \uacbd\ud5a5\uc744 \uc0b4\ud3b4\ubcf4\uc790. \uba3c\uc800 \uc870\uc9c1\uc801\uc778 \ucc28\uc6d0\uc5d0\uc11c \ubcfc \ub54c \uc120\uac70\uc804\ubb38\uac00 \uc815\ub2f9\uc740 \ub300\uc911\uc815\ub2f9\uacfc \uadf9\uba85\ud55c \ub300\uc870\ub97c \uc774\ub8ec\ub2e4. \ub300\uc911\uc815\ub2f9\uc774 \ubc29\ub300\ud55c \uc870\uc9c1\uacfc \ub2f9\uc6d0\uc744 \uac70\ub290\ub9ac\uace0 \uc774\ub4e4\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \ucda9\uc131\uc2ec\uacfc \uc77c\uccb4\uac10\uc744 \uc5bb\ub294 \ub300\uc2e0\uc5d0 \ub2f9\uc6d0\uacfc \uc9c0\uc9c0\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \uc774\uc775\uc744 \uc9d1\uc57d\ud558\uace0 \ub300\ud45c\ud558\ub294 \uc5ed\ud560\uc744 \ud574\uc654\ub2e4\uba74, \uc120\uac70\uc804\ubb38\uac00 \uc815\ub2f9\uc740 \ubc29\ub300\ud55c \uc870\uc9c1\uacfc \ub2f9\uc6d0\uc744 \uac70\ub290\ub9ac\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc73c\uba70 \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc815\ub2f9\uc870\uc9c1\uc740 \uc774\uc804\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ud6e8\uc52c \uacbd\ub7c9\ud654\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \uc815\ub2f9\uc870\uc9c1\uc740 \uc774\uc81c \uc804\ubb38\uac00, \ud2b9\ud788 \uc120\uac70\uc6b4\ub3d9\uacfc \uad00\ub828\ub41c \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \uc804\ubb38\uac00\ub4e4\uc774&#8211;\uc5ec\ub860\uc870\uc0ac \uc804\ubb38\uac00, \uc120\uac70\uc804\ub7b5 \uc804\ubb38\uac00, \ubcc0\ud638\uc0ac, \ud68c\uacc4\uc0ac&#8211; \uc8fc\ub3c4\ud558\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<br \/>\n\uc774\uc640 \uc544\uc6b8\ub7ec \uc815\ub2f9\uc870\uc9c1\uc758 \uc911\uc559\uc9d1\uad8c\ud654\uac00 \ub354 \uac15\ud654\ub418\ub294 \uacbd\ud5a5\uc774 \ub450\ub4dc\ub7ec\uc9c0\uac8c \uc9c4\ud589\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc989 \uc815\ub2f9 \uc870\uc9c1\uc774 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uc5f0\uacc4\ubcf4\ub2e4\ub294 \uc120\uac70\uc6b4\ub3d9\uc5d0 \ucd08\uc810\uc744 \ub9de\ucd94\ub294 \ubc29\ud5a5\uc73c\ub85c \uc7ac\uad6c\uc131\ub418\uba74\uc11c \uc815\ub2f9\uc758 \ucd5c\uace0\uc704 \ub9ac\ub354\ub4e4\uc758 \uc5ed\ud560\uacfc \uad8c\ud55c\uc774 \uc810\ucc28 \ud655\ub300\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub2e4\uc2dc \ub9d0\ud574 \uacfc\uac70\ucc98\ub7fc \uc120\uac70\uc6b4\ub3d9\uc774 \uc9c0\ubc29\uc870\uc9c1\uacfc \ub2f9\uc6d0, \ud575\uc2ec\uc9c0\uc9c0\uc790\ub4e4\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574\uc11c \uc8fc\ub3c4\ub418\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \ub9e4\uc2a4\ubbf8\ub514\uc5b4\ub77c\ub294 \ud1b5\ub85c, \uc804\ubb38\uac00\ub4e4\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574\uc11c \ud6a8\uacfc\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub514\uc790\uc778\ub41c \uc120\uac70 \uba54\uc2dc\uc9c0\uc640 \uc120\uac70\uc774\uc288\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574\uc11c \uc9c0\ubc30\ub418\uba74\uc11c, \uc774\ub97c \ud6a8\uacfc\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc6b4\uc601\ud558\uace0 \uad00\ub9ac\ud558\ub294 \uc815\ub2f9\ub9ac\ub354\uc758 \uc5ed\ud560\uc740 \ud06c\uac8c \ud655\ub300\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4 (Farrell and Webb 2003).<br \/>\n\ud55c\ud3b8 \uc55e\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \uac15\uc870\ud55c \ubc14\uc640 \uac19\uc774, \uc120\uac70\uc804\ubb38\uac00 \uc815\ub2f9\uacfc \ub2f9\uc6d0-\uc9c0\uc9c0\uc790-\uc720\uad8c\uc790\ub4e4\uacfc\uc758 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uc5f0\uacc4\ub294 \uc810\ucc28 \uc57d\ud654\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc815\uce58\uc801 \uc138\uacc4\uad00\uc758 \uae30\ubc18, \uc7ac\uc815\uc801 \uae30\ubc18\uc758 \uc6d0\ucc9c, \uc120\uac70\uc6b4\ub3d9 \uc870\uc9c1\uc758 \uadfc\uac04\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c\uc758 \uc5ed\ud560\uc744 \ud558\ub358 \ub2f9\uc6d0, \uc9c0\uc9c0\uc790\uc640\uc758 \uc5f0\uacc4\ub294 \ub300\ud3ed \uc704\ucd95\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ubc18\uba74\uc5d0 \uc120\uac70\uc804\ubb38\uac00 \uc815\ub2f9\ub4e4\uc740 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uae30\ubc18\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uba40\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub294 \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \uad6d\uac00\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc758\uc874\uc740 \ub354\uc6b1 \uac15\ud654\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uce90\uce20\uc640 \uba54\uc774\uc5b4\uac00 \uc774\ub978\ubc14 \uce74\ub974\ud154 \uc815\ub2f9\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uac1c\ub150\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574\uc11c \ubd84\uc11d\ud588\ub358 \ubc14\uc640 \uac19\uc774, \uc815\ub2f9\ub4e4\uc740 \uc810\ucc28 \uc7ac\uc815\uc801\uc778 \uae30\ubc18, \ub9e4\uc2a4\ubbf8\ub514\uc5b4\uc758 \uc774\uc6a9\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uce21\uba74\uc5d0\uc11c \uad6d\uac00\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c \uc774\uc804\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ud6e8\uc52c \uc885\uc18d\ub418\ub294 \uc591\uc0c1\uc744 \ubcf4\uc774\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc11c\uc720\ub7fd \ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc758 \uad6d\uac00\uc5d0\uc11c \uc815\ub2f9\ub4e4\uc740 \uc774\uc81c \ub2f9\uc6d0\ub4e4\uc758 \ub2f9\ube44\ubcf4\ub2e4\ub294 \uad6d\uace0\ubcf4\uc870\uae08\uc744 \uc7ac\uc815\uc758 \uc8fc\uc694\ud55c \uc6d0\ucc9c\uc73c\ub85c \uc0bc\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70 \ub610\ud55c \uad6d\uac00\uac00 \ub3c5\uacfc\uc810\ud558\ub294 \ub9e4\uc2a4\ubbf8\ub514\uc5b4\uc5d0 \ud06c\uac8c \uc758\uc874\ud558\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4 (Katz and Mair, 1994; 1994; Koole 1996). \uc774\ub85c \uc778\ud574\uc11c, \uc120\uac70\uc804\ubb38\uac00 \uc815\ub2f9\ub4e4\uc740 \uc0dd\uc874\uc758 \uae30\ubc18\uc740 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc774 \ub9c8\ub828\ud558\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uad6d\uac00\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc9c0\ub098\uce5c \uc758\uc874\uacfc \uadf8\ub85c \uc778\ud55c \uae30\uc131\uc815\ub2f9\ub4e4\uc758 \ub3c5\uacfc\uc810 \uccb4\uc81c\uc758 \uac15\ud654\ub77c\ub294 \uc9d0\uc744 \uc548\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<br \/>\n\uc815\ub2f9\uc870\uc9c1 \ucc28\uc6d0\uc758 \ubcc0\ud654\uc640 \uc2dc\ubbfc\uc0ac\ud68c\uc640\uc758 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uc5f0\uacc4\uc758 \uc57d\ud654\ub77c\ub294 \ubcc0\ub3d9\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubd88\uad6c\ud558\uace0, \uc120\uac70\uc804\ubb38\uac00 \uc815\ub2f9\uc740 \uc815\ubd80\uc640\uc758 \uc5f0\uacc4\ub77c\ub294 \ucc28\uc6d0\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uc911\uc2ec\uc801\uc778 \uc5ed\ud560\uc744 \uc9c0\uc18d\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc2dc\ubbfc\uc0ac\ud68c-\uc815\ub2f9-\uc815\ubd80\uc758 \uc815\ucc45\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc5f0\uacc4\uad6c\uc870\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c, \uc815\ub2f9\uc774 \uc815\ubd80\uc640 \uac16\ub294 \uc5f0\uacc4\ub294 \ub300\uac1c \uc815\ubd80\uc758 \uc815\ucc45 \uc0b0\ucd9c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc815\ub2f9\uc758 \ud1b5\uc81c, \uc815\ubd80\uc758 \uc6b4\uc601\uacfc\uc815\uacfc \uc808\ucc28\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc815\ub2f9\uc758 \ud1b5\uc81c\ub77c\ub294 \ub450 \uce21\uba74\uc73c\ub85c \uad6c\uc131\ub418\ub294 \ub370, \uc774 \ub450 \uce21\uba74 \ubaa8\ub450\uc5d0\uc11c \uc120\uac70\uc804\ubb38\uac00 \uc815\ub2f9\uc740 \uc0c1\ub2f9\ud55c \uc218\uc900\uc758 \ud1b5\uc81c\ub825\uc744 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uc720\uc9c0\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uba3c\uc800 \uc815\ubd80\uc758 \uc815\ucc45 \uc0b0\ucd9c\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c \uc815\ub2f9\uc758 \uc5ed\ud560\uacfc \ud1b5\uc81c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c\ub294, \ud799\uc2a4(Hibbs, 1977)\uc758 \uc120\uad6c\uc801\uc778 \uc5f0\uad6c \uc774\ud6c4\uc5d0 \uc218\ub9ce\uc740 \ubd84\uc11d\ub4e4\uc774 \uc9d1\uad8c\uc815\ub2f9(\ub4e4)\uc758 \uc774\ub150\uc801 \uc88c\ud45c\uc640 \uc815\ubd80\uc815\ucc45\uc758 \ub0b4\uc6a9 \uc0ac\uc774\uc758 \uc5f0\uad00\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c \uacbd\ud5d8\uc801\uc778 \ubd84\uc11d\uc744 \uc2dc\ub3c4\ud558\uc600\ub294\ub370 (Cameron 1985; Castles 1982) \uc774\ub4e4 \ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc740 \uc870\uc2ec\uc2a4\ub7fd\uac8c\ub098\ub9c8 \uc11c\uc720\ub7fd \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758\uc5d0\uc11c \uc774\ub978\ubc14 \uc815\ub2f9\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \uc815\ubd80(party government)\uac00 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uc720\uc9c0\ub418\uace0 \uc788\uc74c\uc744 \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc900\ub2e4. \ube44\ub85d \uc815\ub2f9\ub4e4 \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0 \uc815\ucc45\uc0c1\uc758 \uc815\uccb4\uc131\uc774 \ub69c\ub837\ud558\uac8c \uad6c\ubd84\ub418\uc5b4 \uc81c\uc2dc\ub418\uc9c0\ub294 \uc54a\uc9c0\ub9cc \ub610\ud55c \uc720\uad8c\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ucc28\uc774\ub97c \uba85\ud655\ud558\uac8c \uc774\ud574\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \ubcf4\uae30\ub294 \uc5b4\ub838\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uadf8\ub7fc\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uc0c1\ub2f9\ud55c \uc218\uc900\uc758 \uc5f0\uad00\uc774 \uc815\ub2f9\uc758 \uc815\ucc45\ud504\ub85c\uadf8\ub7a8\uacfc \uc815\ubd80\uc758 \uc815\ucc45 \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0 \uc874\uc7ac\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c \uc815\ub2f9\ub4e4\uc740 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uc758\uc6d0\ub4e4\uc758 \uc0c1\uc784\uc704\uc6d0\ud68c \ubc30\ubd84\uacfc\uc815\uc758 \ud1b5\uc81c, \uc758\uc6d0\ub4e4\uc758 \uc785\ubc95\uc548 \uc81c\ucd9c\uacfc\uc815\uc758 \ud1b5\uc81c, \uc758\uc6d0\ub4e4\uc758 \uc758\ud68c \ud45c\uacb0\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c \uc815\ub2f9\ud22c\ud45c \ud615\uc2dd\uc758 \ud1b5\uc81c\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574\uc11c \ub192\uc740 \uc218\uc900\uc758 \uc815\ub2f9\uaddc\uc728\uc744 \uc720\uc9c0\ud558\uace0 \uc774\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574\uc11c \uc815\ubd80\uc6b4\uc601\uc758 \uc808\ucc28\uc640 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc744 \ud1b5\uc81c\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ubd84\uc11d\ub418\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4 (Bowler 2003; Doring 1995).<\/p>\n<p>(2) \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc815\ub2f9\uacfc \ub300\uc548\uc870\uc9c1\uc758 \ub3c4\uc804<\/p>\n<p>\uae30\uc131 \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\ub2f9\uc815\uce58\uc758 \ubcc0\ub3d9\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c \ub610 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc8fc\uc694\ud55c \uce21\uba74\uc740 \uc774\ub978\ubc14 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc815\ub2f9\uacfc \ub300\uc548\uc870\uc9c1\uc758 \ub3c4\uc804\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. 1970\ub144\ub300\uc5d0 \uc774\ub978\ubc14 \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758\uc758 \uc704\uae30\uac00 \uc2dc\uc791\ub418\uba74\uc11c, \uae30\uc131\uc815\ub2f9\ub4e4\uc758 \uc5ed\ud560\uacfc \uc815\ub2f9\uc131\uc744 \uadfc\ubcf8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ube44\ud310\ud558\uace0 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ub300\uc548\uc744 \uc81c\uc2dc\ud558\ub824\ub294 \uc6b4\ub3d9\uc774 \ud65c\ubc1c\ud558\uac8c \uc804\uac1c\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ucc98\uc74c\uc5d0 \uc774\ub4e4\uc740 \uc2e0\uc0ac\ud68c\uc6b4\ub3d9\uc758 \ud615\ud0dc, \ub300\uc548\uc801 \uc870\uc9c1\uc758 \ud615\ud0dc\ub85c \uc2dc\uc791\ud558\uc600\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc774\ub4e4 \uac00\uc6b4\ub370 \uc77c\ubd80\ub294 1970\ub144\ub300\ub97c \uc804\ud6c4\ub85c \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc815\ub2f9\uc758 \uacb0\uc131\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574\uc11c \uc815\uce58\uc138\ub825\ud654\ud558\uc600\uace0, \ub2e4\ub978 \uc77c\ubd80\ub294 \uc6b4\ub3d9\uacfc \ub300\uc548\uc870\uc9c1\uc758 \ud615\ud0dc\ub85c \ub0a8\uc544\uc11c \uae30\uc131\uc815\ub2f9\ub4e4\uacfc \uacbd\uc7c1\ud558\uba70 \uc5ed\ud560\uc744 \uacf5\uc720\ud558\uac8c \ub41c\ub2e4. \uc0c8 \uc815\ub2f9\uc758 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc774\ub4e0 \ud639\uc740 \ub300\uc548\uc870\uc9c1\uacfc \uc6b4\ub3d9\uc758 \ud615\ud0dc\uc774\ub4e0, \uc774\ub4e4 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc138\ub825\ub4e4\uc740 1990\ub144\ub300 \uc774\ud6c4 \uc815\uce58\uc801 \uc758\uc81c\uc758 \uc124\uc815\uacfc \uc2dc\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc758 \uc774\uc775 \uc9d1\uc57d\uacfc \ub300\ud45c\ub77c\ub294 \uce21\uba74\uc5d0\uc11c \uae30\uc131\uc815\ub2f9\ub4e4\uacfc \uacbd\uc7c1\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uacf5\uc874\ud558\ub294 \uad00\uacc4\ub85c \uc811\uc5b4\ub4e4\uac8c \ub41c\ub2e4.<br \/>\n\uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc815\uce58\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc5f0\uad6c\ub294 \ud06c\uac8c \uc774\ub4e4\uc758 \ub4f1\uc7a5 \ubc30\uacbd, \uc870\uc9c1-\uc774\ub150-\uad6c\uc131, \uae30\uc131\uc815\ub2f9\uc815\uce58\uc5d0 \ubbf8\uce58\ub294 \uc601\ud5a5\uacfc \uc0c1\ud638\uad00\uacc4\uc758 \uc720\ud615\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc138 \uce21\uba74\uc5d0 \ucd08\uc810\uc744 \ub9de\ucd94\uc5b4 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc84c\ub2e4. \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc815\uce58\uc801 \ub3c4\uc804\uc758 \ubc30\uacbd\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc5f0\uad6c\ub294 \uc8fc\ub85c \uac70\uc2dc\uc801\uc778 \uc0ac\ud68c\ubcc0\ub3d9, \ub300\uc758\uc81c \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758\uc758 \uc704\uae30\uc5d0 \ucd08\uc810\uc744 \ub9de\ucd94\uc5b4 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc84c\uc73c\uba70 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc791\uc5c5\uc740 \uc8fc\ub85c \uc0ac\ud68c\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uacfc \uc815\uce58\uc0ac\ud68c\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \uc8fc\ub3c4\ud558\uc600\ub2e4 (Touraine 1971; 1976). \uc815\ub2f9\uc5f0\uad6c\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \ub354 \uc9d1\uc911\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uaddc\uba85\ud558\uace0\uc790 \ud588\ub358 \uac83\uc740 \uc870\uc9c1-\uc774\ub150-\uad6c\uc131\uacfc \uae30\uc131 \uc815\ub2f9\uc815\uce58\uc640\uc758 \uad00\uacc4\uc600\ub2e4.<br \/>\n\ub300\uc548\uc870\uc9c1, \uc2e0\uc0ac\ud68c\uc6b4\ub3d9, \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc815\ub2f9\ub4e4\uc758 \uc870\uc9c1\uacfc \uc774\ub150\uc0c1\uc758 \ud2b9\uc131\uc740 \uc8fc\ub85c \uae30\uc131\uc815\ub2f9\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc774\ub4e4\uc758 \ube44\ud310\uacfc \uae34\ubc00\ud558\uac8c \uc5f0\uacc4\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ub3c4\uc804\uc138\ub825\ub4e4\uc740 \uae30\uc131\uc815\ub2f9\ub4e4(\ub300\uc911\uc815\ub2f9)\uc758 \uc704\uacc4\uc801\uc778 \uad6c\uc870\uac00 \uc77c\ubc18\uc2dc\ubbfc\uacfc \uc720\uad8c\uc790\uc758 \uc815\uce58\uc801 \uc18c\uc678\ub97c \uac00\uc838\uc624\ub294 \ud575\uc2ec\uc801\uc778 \uc694\uc778\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud30c\uc545\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc774\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc774\ub4e4\uc740 \uc704\uacc4\uc801\uc778 \uc131\uaca9\uc744 \uc9c0\ub2cc \ubc29\ub300\ud55c \uc870\uc9c1\uad6c\uc870\ub294 \ub354 \uc774\uc0c1 \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758\ub97c \uc9c0\ud0f1\ud558\ub294 \uae30\ubc18\uc774 \ub420 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub2e4\uace0 \ubcf8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub4e4\uc740 \uc2dc\ubbfc\uacfc \uc815\ubd80\uc758 \uc5f0\uacc4\ub294 \uc774\uc81c \uc218\ud3c9\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uac1c\ubc29\uc801\uc778 \ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c \uc911\uc2ec\uc758 \uad6c\uc870\ub97c \uc9c0\ub2cc \uc5f0\uacc4\uad6c\uc870\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574\uc11c \uc720\uc9c0\ub418\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \ubbff\ub294\ub2e4. \ud658\uacbd\uc6b4\ub3d9, \uc5ec\uc131\uc6b4\ub3d9, \ubc18\uc804-\ubc18\ud575\uc6b4\ub3d9\uc744 \ube44\ub86f\ud55c \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \uc2e0\uc0ac\ud68c\uc6b4\ub3d9 \uc870\uc9c1\ub4e4\uacfc \ub179\uc0c9\ub2f9\uc774 \uc774 \uac19\uc740 \uc218\ud3c9\uc801\uc778 \uad6c\uc870\ub97c \uad6c\ucd95\ud55c \uae4c\ub2ed\uc740 \uc5ec\uae30\uc11c \ube44\ub86f\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4 (McAdam et al. 1996).<br \/>\n\ub610\ud55c \ub300\uc548\uc870\uc9c1\uacfc \uc2e0\uc0ac\ud68c\uc6b4\ub3d9 \uc870\uc9c1\ub4e4\uc740 \uae30\uc131 \uc815\ub2f9\uc815\uce58\uac00 \uc2dc\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc758 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uc694\uad6c\ub97c \uc815\uce58\uc801 \uc774\uc288\ub85c\uc11c \uc218\uc6a9\ud558\uace0 \uc774\ub97c \uc9d1\uc57d\ud558\uace0 \ud45c\ud604\ud558\ub294 \ub370\uc5d0 \uc2e4\ud328\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \ubcf8\ub2e4. \uc989 \uae30\uc131\uc815\ub2f9\ub4e4\uc740 \uc870\uc9c1 \ubc29\uc2dd\ubfd0\ub9cc \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc774\uc775\uc758 \ub300\ud45c\ub77c\ub294 \uad00\uc810\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \uc2e4\ud328\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uae30\uc131\uc815\ub2f9\ub4e4\uc774 \uacbd\uc81c\uc801\uc778 \ubd84\ubc30\uc640 \uc7ac\ubd84\ubc30, \uc2dc\uc7a5\uacbd\uc81c\uc5d0\uc11c \uad6d\uac00\uc758 \uc5ed\ud560\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \uc804\ud1b5\uc801\uc778 \uc774\uc288\uc5d0\ub9cc \ub9e4\ub2ec\ub824 \uc788\ub294 \ub3d9\uc548 \uc2dc\ubbfc\uc0ac\ud68c\uc5d0\ub294 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc815\uce58\uc801 \uc774\uc288\ub4e4\uc774 \uc81c\ub300\ub85c \ub300\ud45c\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \ucc44 \ud3ed\ubc1c\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ud658\uacbd, \uc5ec\uc131, \ub178\ub3d9\uc758 \uc9c8, \ud575\uc758 \uacf5\ud3ec\uc640 \ud3c9\ud654\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \uc774\uc288\ub4e4\uc740 \uae30\uc131\uc815\ub2f9\ub4e4\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574\uc11c \uc678\uba74\ub2f9\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc73c\ubbc0\ub85c \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ub300\uc548\uc870\uc9c1\ub4e4\uc740 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc774\uc288\ub4e4\uc744 \ub300\ud45c\ud558\ub294 \uc77c\uc744 \uadfc\ubcf8\ubaa9\ud45c\ub85c \uc0bc\ub294\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4 (Lawson and Merkl 1988).<br \/>\n\uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc6b4\ub3d9\uc774 \uc80a\uc740 \uce35\uacfc \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc778, \uc2e0\uc911\uac04\uacc4\uae09\uc744 \uc911\uc2ec\uc73c\ub85c \ud3ed\ub113\uc740 \uc9c0\uc9c0\uc640 \ucc38\uc5ec\ub97c \uc5bb\uac8c \ub418\uace0 \ub610\ud55c \uc774\ub97c \uae30\ubc18\uc73c\ub85c \ud55c \ub179\uc0c9\ub2f9\uacfc \ub300\uc548\uc815\ub2f9\ub4e4\uc774 5-15% \uc815\ub3c4\uc758 \uc9c0\uc9c0\ub97c \uc5bb\uac8c \ub418\uba74\uc11c, \ub300\uc548\uc138\ub825\uacfc \uae30\uc131\uc815\ub2f9\uc815\uce58<\/p>\n<tr>\n<td height=\"40\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"detail_title\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/search\/pics\/text_refer.gif&quot;\">\n  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"detail_gray\">\n    &#8211; \ucc38 \uace0 \ubb38 \ud5cc &#8211;<\/p>\n<p>    \ubc15\ucc2c\uc6b1 2003, \u300c\uc120\uac70\uc81c\ub3c4 \uac1c\uad00\u300d, \ubc15\ucc2c\uc6b1 \ud3b8, \u300e\ube44\ub840\ub300\ud45c\uc120\uac70\uc81c\ub3c4\u300f\ubc15\uc601\uc0ac<br \/>\n    \uc7a5 \ud6c8 2006, \u201c\uc815\ub2f9\uc758 \uc704\uae30\uc640 \ub300\uc548\uc801 \uc870\uc9c1\uc758 \ub4f1\uc7a5: 2003\ub144 \ucd1d\uc120\uc2dc\ubbfc\uc5f0\ub300\uc758 \uc0ac\ub840,\u201d \u300e\uad6d\uc81c\uc9c0\uc5ed\uc5f0\uad6c\u300f12:3, 113-134.<\/p>\n<p>    Barnes, Samuel H. 2000, Electoral Behavior and Comparative Politics, in Mark Irving Lichbach and Alan S. Zuckerman, eds., Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture and Structure, Cambridge University Press, 115-41.<br \/>\n    Berelson, Bernard, Paul F. Lazarsfeld and William N. McPhee 1954, Voting, University of Chicago Press, 1954).<br \/>\n    Blais, Andre and Louis Massicotte 1996, Electoral Systems, in LeDuc, Lawrence, Richard G. Niemi and Pippa Norris, eds., Comparing Democracies: Elections and Voting in Global Perspective, Sage Publications, 49-81.<br \/>\n    Campbell, Angus, Gerald Gurin and Warren E. Miller 1954, The Voter Decides, Row, Peterson, 1954.<br \/>\n    ______, Philip E. Converse, W. E. Miller and Donald E. Stokes 1960, The American Voter, Wiley.<br \/>\n    Cox, Gary W. and Jonathan N. Katz 2002, Elbridge Gerrys Salamander: The Electoral Consequences of the Reapportionment Revolution, Cambrige University Press.<br \/>\n    Curtis, John 2005, The State of Election Studies: Mid-life Crisis or New Youth, in Mark N. Franklin and Christopher Wlezien, eds., The Future of Election Studies, Pergamon, 5-12.<br \/>\n    Dalton, Russell J. 2005, Political Cleavages, Issues and Electoral Change, in LeDuc, Lawrence, Richard G. Niemi and Pippa Norris, eds., Comparing Democracies 2: New Challenges in the Study of Elections and Voting, Sage Publications, 189-209.<br \/>\n    Downs, Anthony 1957, An Economic Theory of Democracy, Harper and Row.<br \/>\n    Farrell, David M., 1996, Campaign Strategies and Tactics, in LeDuc, Lawrence, Richard G. Niemi and Pippa Norris, eds., Comparing Democracies: Elections and Voting in Global Perspective, Sage Publications, 160-83.<br \/>\n    Farrell, David M. 2000, Comparing Electoral Systems. Prentice Hall.<br \/>\n    Farrell, David M. 2004, Electoral Systems: A Comparative Introduction, Palgrave.<br \/>\n    Finifter, Ada W., ed. 1993, Political Science: The State of the Discipline II, American Political Science Association.<br \/>\n    Franklin, Mark N. 2005, The Dynamics of Electoral Participation, in LeDuc, Lawrence, Richard G. Niemi and Pippa Norris, eds., Comparing Democracies 2: New Challenges in the Study of Elections and Voting, Sage Publications, 148-68.<br \/>\n    ______ 2004, Voter Turnout and the Dynamics of Electoral Competition in Established Democracies since 1945, Cambridge University Press.<br \/>\n    ______. and Christopher Wlezien, eds. 2005, The Future of Election Studies, Pergamon.<br \/>\n    Hazan, Reuven Y. 2005, Candidate Selection, in LeDuc, Lawrence, Richard G. Niemi and Pippa Norris, eds., Comparing Democracies 2: New Challenges in the Study of Elections and Voting, Sage Publications, 108-26.<br \/>\n    Hinich, Melvin J. and Michael C. Munger 1996, Ideology and the Theory of Political Choice, The University of Michigan Press.<br \/>\n    Johnson, M., W. Phillips Shively and R. M. Stein, Contextual Data and the Study of Elections and Voting Behavior: Connecting Individuals to Environments, in Mark N. Franklin and Christopher Wlezien, eds., The Future of Election Studies, Pergamon, 63-76.<br \/>\n    Katz, Richard S. 1996, Party Organizations and Finance, in LeDuc, Lawrence, Richard G. Niemi and Pippa Norris, eds., Comparing Democracies: Elections and Voting in Global Perspective, Sage Publications, 107-33.<br \/>\n    Katznelson, Ira and Helen V. Milner, eds. 2002, Political Science: State of the Discipline, American Political Science Association.<br \/>\n    Keman, Hans, ed. 2005, Comparative Democratic Politics: A Guide to Contemporary Theory and Research, Sage Publications.<br \/>\n    Knight, K. and M. Marsh 2005, Varieties of Election Studies, in Mark N. Franklin and Christopher Wlezien, eds., The Future of Election Studies, Pergamon, 13-31.<br \/>\n    Lazarsfeld, Paul, Bernard Berelson and Helen Gaudet 1944, The Peoples Choice, Sloan and Pearce.<br \/>\n    LeDuc, Lawrence, Richard G. Niemi and Pippa Norris, eds. 1966, Comparing Democracies: Elections and Voting in Global Perspective, Sage Publications,.<br \/>\n    ______, Richard G. Niemi and Pippa Norris, eds. 2005, Comparing Democracies 2: New Challenges in the Study of Elections and Voting, Sage Publications.<br \/>\n    Lijphart, Arend 1994, Electoral Systems and Part Systems: A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies 1945-1880, Oxford University Press.<br \/>\n    Lipset, Seymour M. and Stein Rokkan, eds. 1967, Party Systems and Voter Alignments, Free Press.<br \/>\n    Massicotte, Louis, Andre Blais and Antoine Yoshinaka 2007, Establishing the Rules of the Game: Election Laws in Democracies, University of Toronto Press.<br \/>\n    Miller, William L. and Richard G. Niemi 2005, Voting: Choice, Conditioning and Constraint, in LeDuc, Lawrence, Richard G. Niemi and Pippa Norris, eds., Comparing Democracies 2: New Challenges in the Study of Elections and Voting, Sage Publications, 169-88.<br \/>\n    Norpoth, Helmut 1996, The Economy, in LeDuc, Lawrence, Richard G. Niemi and Pippa Norris, eds., Comparing Democracies: Elections and Voting in Global Perspective, Sage Publications, 299-318.<br \/>\n    Pippa Norris 2005, Campaign Communications, in LeDuc, Lawrence, Richard G. Niemi and Pippa Norris, eds., Comparing Democracies 2: New Challenges in the Study of Elections and Voting, Sage Publications, 125-47.<br \/>\n    Rae, Douglas W. 1967, The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws, Yale University Press.<br \/>\n    Sartori, Giovanni 1994, Comparative Constitutional Engineering: An Inquiry into Structures, Incentives and Outcomes, Macmillan.<br \/>\n    Shugart, Matthew Soberg and Martin P. Wattenberg, eds. 2004, Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds? Oxford University Press.<br \/>\n    Taagepera, Rein and Matthw Soberg Shugart 1989, Seats and Votes: The Effects and Determinants of Electoral Systems, Yale University Press.<\/p>\n<p>    http:\/\/www.essex.ac.uk\/bes\/(\uac80\uc0c9\uc77c 2007. 5. 16).<\/p>\n<p>    http:\/\/www.essex.ac.uk\/ECPR(\uac80\uc0c9\uc77c 2007. 5. 16)<\/p>\n<p>    http:\/\/www.freedomhouse.org(\uac80\uc0c9\uc77c 2007. 5. 16).<\/p>\n<p>    http:\/\/www.icpsr.umich.edu\/(\uac80\uc0c9\uc77c 2007. 5. 16).<\/p>\n<p>    http:\/\/www.isr.umich.edu\/cps\/(\uac80\uc0c9\uc77c 2007. 5. 16).<\/p>\n<p>    http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~cses(\uac80\uc0c9\uc77c 2007. 5. 16).<\/p>\n<p>    http:www.umich.edu\/%7Enes(\uac80\uc0c9\uc77c 2007. 5. 16).<\/p>\n<div class='c2'>\n      \ub808\ud3ec\ud2b8 \ub2e4\uc6b4\ub85c\ub4dc: <a href='http:\/\/my.allreport.co.kr\/moondy2\/10979792.html'><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.allreport.co.kr\/search\/pics\/ficon_hwp.gif\"> <span class=\"c1\">\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc815\ub2f9\uacfc \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc120\uac70\uc758 \ub3d9\ud5a5\uc5f0\uad6c&#8230;27..\ud589\uc815.hwp<\/span> &nbsp; [size : 193 Kbyte]<\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc815\ub2f9\uacfc \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc120\uac70\uc758 \ub3d9\ud5a5\uc5f0\uad6c\uc778\ubb38\uc0ac\ud68c\ub808\ud3ec\ud2b8 \ub808\ud3ec\ud2b8 \ub2e4\uc6b4\ub85c\ub4dc: \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc815\ub2f9\uacfc \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc120\uac70\uc758 \ub3d9\ud5a5\uc5f0\uad6c&#8230;27..\ud589\uc815.hwp &nbsp; [size : 193 Kbyte] \u2160. \uc815\ub2f9 1. \uc11c\ub860: 21\uc138\uae30\uc758 \uc815\ub2f9 \uc5f0\uad6c-\uc0f7\uc288\ub098\uc774\ub354\uc640 \ud5cc\ud305\ud134\uc73c\ub85c \ub3cc\uc544\uac00\uae30 2. \uae30\uc131\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\ub2f9\uc815\uce58: \uc704\uae30\uc640 \uc7ac\uc870\uc815 (1) \ub300\uc911\uc815\ub2f9\uc5d0\uc11c \uc120\uac70\uc804\ubb38\uac00 \uc815\ub2f9\uc73c\ub85c (2) \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc815\ub2f9\uacfc \ub300\uc548\uc870\uc9c1\uc758 \ub3c4\uc804 3. \uc2e0\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758 \uc815\ub2f9\uc815\uce58: \uae30\ub300\uc758 \uc88c\uc808\uacfc \uc808\ub984\ubc1c\uc774 \uc131\uc7a5 \u2161. \uc120\uac70 1. \uc11c\ub860: \uc655\uc131\ud55c \uc120\uac70\uc5f0\uad6c, \ubb34\uc5c7\uc744 \ub2e4\ub8e8\ub294\uac00? 2. \uc120\uac70\uc5f0\uad6c\uc758 \ubc29\ubc95: \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/testpie.com\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/testpie.com\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/testpie.com\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/testpie.com\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/testpie.com\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=20"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/testpie.com\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21,"href":"http:\/\/testpie.com\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20\/revisions\/21"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/testpie.com\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=20"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/testpie.com\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=20"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/testpie.com\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=20"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}